Mindfulness-based psychotherapy in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analytical Study

Background/Objective: Obsessive compulsive disorder is a disorder of special relevance in mental health, however, not all patients respond adequately to traditional intervention systems. The present work aims to study the usefulness of mindfulness-based interventions in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Method: An exhaustive search of the literature between 1996 and 2021 allowed us to locate 11 published articles. The effect size was the pretest-posttest standardized mean change calculated for obsession-compulsion, as well as depression symptoms and conscious coping. Results: he results showed mean effect sizes for mindfulness in the reduction of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (d + = 0.648) and, to a lesser extent, depression (d + = 0.417) and the improvement in Mindfull coping (d + = 0.509). There was no significant decrease in effect size when mindfulness was applied in patients with residual symptoms from previous treatments. Conclusions: These results are promising regarding the usefulness of the application of intervention programs based on mindfulness in people with obsessive compulsive disorder, both as an alternative option and as a complementary treatment to more traditional intervention formats. (AU)

Mindfulness-based psychotherapy in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analytical Study.

Background/Objective: Obsessive compulsive disorder is a disorder of special relevance in mental health, however, not all patients respond adequately to traditional intervention systems. The present work aims to study the usefulness of mindfulness-based interventions in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Method: An exhaustive search of the literature between 1996 and 2021 allowed us to locate 11 published articles. The effect size was the pretest-posttest standardized mean change calculated for obsession-compulsion, as well as depression symptoms and conscious coping. Results: he results showed mean effect sizes for mindfulness in the reduction of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (d + = 0.648) and, to a lesser extent, depression (d + = 0.417) and the improvement in Mindfull coping (d + = 0.509). There was no significant decrease in effect size when mindfulness was applied in patients with residual symptoms from previous treatments. Conclusions: These results are promising regarding the usefulness of the application of intervention programs based on mindfulness in people with obsessive compulsive disorder, both as an alternative option and as a complementary treatment to more traditional intervention formats.

Family care prior to the admission of the elderly in a nursing home and continuity in family care: A comparative study of Colombia and Spain.

This study examined the background before admission to a nursing home and the conditions for the continuity of care, of the relatives of older adults of Colombia and Spain. The study sample comprised 546 participants: 278 and 268 from Colombia and Spain, respectively. Structured interviews were conducted with the older adults' relatives. Sociodemographic similarities predominated, although in the Colombian sample there were significantly more unrelated people. Similarities in previous and current care conditions also predominated too. Cluster 1 included all the cases of Colombian low-resource nursing homes, and Cluster 2 included all the relatives of Colombian high-resource nursing homes and all the Spanish centers. The type of nursing home was the variable more important to identify the abovementioned clusters. Conclusions: Family members from Colombia and Spain continue to care for the elderly admitted to geriatric homes. The type of geriatric center is what establishes the differences in the users.

Exploring the Psychometric Properties of the Questionnaire on Family Members Adapting to an Older Adult's Admission to a Nursing Home (CAFIAR-15) in a Colombian Sample.

Institutionalization to a nursing home can be one of the most significant and traumatic events in a senior's life, and for their family. For this reason, it is especially important to have validated instruments that evaluate the family member's adaptation to admitting the senior to a nursing home. The study included 139 family members recruited equally in two types of institutions (low-income nursing home (LINH) vs. high-income nursing home (HINH)). A sociodemographic questionnaire with questions to study antecedents and conditions for care and the Questionnaire for Admitting an Older Adult to a Nursing Home (CAFIAR-15) were used. Examining the communalities indicated that four of the five items in factor 3 presented communalities lower than 0.30 and differences in the factorial structure of the CAFIAR-15 were found. There were differences in the antecedents and conditions for care between the relatives of the older adults at LINH and HINH. Cultural differences and differences between LINH and HINH may be the basis for flaws in the conceptual validity of the CAFIAR-15 in the Colombian sample.

Development and Exploration of Psychometric Properties of the Family Adjustment Questionnaire for Admitting an Older Adult to a Nursing Home (CAFIAR).

Background: Admitting an older adult to a nursing home involves significant adjustment efforts by the family. Our goal was to prepare an assessment instrument for this, given that there was none to date. Method: Participants-134 relatives from different nursing homes in the region of Murcia. Instruments-structured interview for socio-demographic information, satisfaction with the nursing home, well-being and health self-assessment, Radloff's Depression Questionnaire (CES-D), and the first version of CAFIAR. Results: A 15-item instrument with three factors was obtained: Factor 1 (Unease due to admitting an older adult to a nursing home), Factor 2 (Relief), and Factor 3 (Nostalgia and concern for the older adult), in addition to a general adjustment index, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.74. The general adjustment index and the subscales that demonstrate poor adjustment were significantly correlated with depression and a worse health self-assessment, while the Relief subscale, which indicates better adjustment, was significantly correlated with well-being and a positive health self-assessment. Conclusions: The family adjustment in admitting an older adult to a nursing home questionnaire (CAFIAR) has adequate psychometric properties to assess family adaptation in admitting an older adult to an institution.

Propiedades psicométricas de un cuestionario para la evaluación de la ansiedad ante los exámenes en adolescentes / Psychometric properties of a questionnaire for the assessment of test anxiety in adolescents

La ansiedad ante los exámenes es un problema que afecta a los estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato. El objetivo del presente estudio fue adaptar el "Cuestionario de ansiedad ante los exámenes" (CAEX) al alumnado de ESO y Bachillerato. Se evaluó a un total de 1181 estudiantes de ESO y Bachillerato (51,8% chicas; M= 14,7; DT= 1,8), procedentes de centros públicos de la Región de Murcia. Se identificaron tres factores: Ansiedad fisiológica, Comportamiento de evitación y Respuesta cognitiva ansiosa ante los exámenes, que explicaron un 53% de la varianza total. El nivel de consistencia interna de las puntuaciones en las subescalas y del total fue de 0,90, 0,49, 0,90 y 0,94, respectivamente. El coeficiente Omega fue de 0,85 o superior en todas las subescalas. La fiabilidad test-retest varió entre 0,50 y 0,87. Además, la validez convergente y discriminante de la escala CAEX-A fue adecuada. El CAEX-A presenta propiedades psicométricas apropiadas y puede emplearse para la evaluación psicológica de la ansiedad ante los exámenes en alumnos entre los 12 y 18 años

Test anxiety is a problem that affects students in Compulsory Secondary Education and Baccalaureate. The objective of the present study was to adapt the "Test Anxiety Questionnaire for (CAEX)" to Spanish students in Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO) and Baccalaureate. A total of 1,181students (51.8% females, M= 14.7, SD= 1.8), from public High Schools in the Region of Murcia were evaluated. Three factors were identified: Physiological anxiety, Avoidance behavior and Cognitive response to exams, which explained 53% of the total variance. The level of internal consistency on the subscales and of the total was .90, .49 and .94, respectively. The Omega coefficient was .85 or higher on every subscale. Also, Test-retest reliability ranged from .52 to .87. Furthermore, the convergent and discriminant validity of the CAEX-A was adequate. The CAEX-A has appropriated psychometric properties and can be used for the psychological assessment of test anxiety in Spanish students from 12 to 18 years of age

Estructura factorial del Cuestionario de Apoyo Social MOS en ancianos colombianos con dolor crónico / Factorial structure of the MOS Social Support Survey among senior and elder Colombian population diagnosed with chronic pain

Resumen El Cuestionario de Apoyo Social MOS es uno de los instrumentos que más se utilizan en la investigación y en la práctica gerontológica, pero no hay estudios acerca de su validez para la evaluación de ancianos colombianos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue valorar si la estructura de 4 factores descrita en otras poblaciones es válida, estudiar la fiabilidad y determinar diferencias atribuibles a género y convivencia con una pareja. Se trabajó con una muestra intencional de 463 mayores, de diversas regiones de Colombia. El análisis estadístico de los ítems evidenció ausencia de normalidad y altas correlaciones inter ítems e ítemescala (superiores a .60), por lo que se seleccionó el método de Mínimos Cuadrados no Ponderados (ULS) para el análisis factorial confirmatorio, con el que se evaluaron tres modelos (de un factor, de tres y de cuatro factores correlacionados) siendo el de 4 factores el que obtuvo mejores índices (NFI=.997; AGFI=.996; RMR=.056; NFI=.996). Los coeficientes alfa de las subescalas estaban entre .86 y .98. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en apoyo social percibido atribuibles al género y a tener pareja. Los resultados sustentan la validez del cuestionario MOS para la evaluación del apoyo social percibido por adultos mayores colombianos con dolor crónico.

Abstract Perceived social support refers to one's confidence that social support or resources are available if needed. It is related to health and quality of life in elderly, so it is recommended to be evaluated. The Social Support Survey MOS have been used but there is no evidence about its validity in Colombian ancient people with chronic pain. The aim of this study was to assess the factorial structure and reliability for the Social Support Survey MOS among a group of elderly people with chronic muskuloesqueletal pain; furthermore, differences between gender and married were investigated. 463 old people of different regions of Colombia were assessed with MOS and with a sociodemographic interview. Cronbach ranged between .86 y .98. Item correlations were higher than .60. The model of 4 correlated factors showed good fit (NFI= .997, AGFI= .996, RMR= .056 y GFI= .996), as shown by similar studies in other populations. Differences in social support perceived by gender and marital status were found. The results support the validity for the MOS to evaluate social support in ancient Colombian people with chronic muskuloesqueletal pain.

Emotional Intelligence Profiles of University Students with Motor Disabilities: Differential Analysis of Self-Concept Dimensions.

Background: This study compares the self-concept of students that have motor disabilities with that of students in the normative group. It also considers whether there are EI (emotional intelligence) profiles based on combinations of EI components (attention, clarity, and mood repair). Finally, it analyzes whether there are statistically significant differences in self-concept based on the EI profiles found. Method: 102 university students with motor disabilities participated. The age range was 19-33 (M = 20.22, SD = 4.36). The Escala de Autoconcepto Forma 5 (Self-Concept Scale Form 5, AF5) and the Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24 (TMMS-24) were administered. Results: The scores for self-concept were lower in the sample of students with reduced mobility. The cluster analysis also identified three different EI profiles: one group of young people with high general EI scores, one group with high scores for clarity and mood repair, and a last group of students with low EI scores. Finally, the ANOVA showed better self-concept in the group with high scores in the three EI dimensions. The results suggest that better self-concept is associated with a high EI profile. Conclusions: It would be interesting to provide programs that consider EI in more depth to strengthen these students' self-concept.

Caracterización del dolor y las emocionales en ancianos cubanos comunitarios con dolor osteoarticular / Characterization of Pain and Emotional States in Community Cuban Older Adults with Osteoarticular Pains

Introducción: el dolor y su relación con los estados emocionales ha sido reconocido en el mundo científico, aunque hay carencia de estudios cualitativos en los ancianos latinoamericanos desde sus vivencias. Objetivo: caracterizar el dolor y los estados de ansiedad y depresión en mayores con dolor osteoarticular y, en específico, identificar las características clínicas del dolor osteoarticular, evaluar los estados de ansiedad y depresión y describir desde las vivencias los estados emocionales. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, mixto, en 55 ancianos del Policlínico René Bedia, La Habana, de uno y otro sexo, voluntarios, con dolor osteoarticular crónico y en el mes de investigados, seleccionados de manera intencional, Se les aplicó: Cuestionario Multidimensional para la Evaluación Psicológica del Dolor, versión del Cuestionario de Dolor de McGill, IDARE Estado, IDERE Estado y entrevista semi-estructurada elaborada para estos fines. Se realizó la estadística descriptiva, se crearon categorías de contenidos para el análisis cualitativo. Resultados: Las características del dolor osteoarticular fueron: frecuencia de casi todos los días y algunas veces al mes, intensidad fuerte, molesto, en zonas extendidas del cuerpo y niveles altos de ansiedad y depresión, con predominio de esta última. En el momento del dolor, los ancianos refirieron sentir: limitaciones por el mismo, síntomas de ansiedad y depresión, tales como: taquicardia, tensión, alteración, sentimientos de tristeza, llanto, cansancio y falta de deseos para hacer las cosas. Conclusiones: Se pudo caracterizar el dolor y los estados emocionales de los ancianos con dolor osteoarticular desde sus vivencias, lo que posibilitó un mejor abordaje psicoterapéutico de los mismos(AU)

Introduction: Pain and its relation to anxiety states have been recognized in the scientific world, although qualitative studies in Latin American older adults taking into account their experiences are limited. Objective: Characterize pain and anxiety and depression states in older adults with Osteoarticular pain, and specifically to identify the clinical characteristics of Osteoarticular pain; assess the anxiety and depression states, and describe emotional states from their experiences.Method: Mixed cross-sectional descriptive study in 55 older adults from René Bedia polyclinic, in Havana, both sex, volunteers, with chronic Osteoarticular pain during the month of research, who were selected intentionally. They were applied: Multidimensional Questionnaire for the Psychological Assessment of Pain, a version of McGill Questionnaire on pain, IDARE State, IDERE State and a semi-structured interview devised for these purposes. Descriptive statistics was used, and content categories were created for the quantitative analysis. Results: The characteristics of the Osteoarticular pain were: almost daily frequency, and sometimes a month, severe intensity, uncomfortable, in several parts of the body, and high levels of anxiety and depression, being the latter predominant. When they had pain, older adults felt: limitations due to pain, anxiety and depression symptoms such as tachycardia, tension, mood alteration, feelings of sorrow, crying, tiredness, and lack of desire to do things. Conclusions: Pain and emotional states in older adults with Osteoarticular pain, taking into account their experiences could be characterized. This contributes to a better psychotherapeutic approach of them(AU)

Eficacia de la actuación de los payasos sobre el miedo a procedimientos dolorosos en oncohematología pediátrica / Evaluation of quality of volunteer service in oncology: levels of satisfaction of cancer patients and their families

Objetivos: Evaluar la eficacia de la actuación de una pareja de Payasos de hospital sobre la respuesta de miedo en pacientes de la Unidad de Oncohematología antes de la aplicación de un procedimiento médico doloroso (punción lumbar o el aspirado medular). Pacientes y método: 30 niños de 3 a 11 años de edad (M=6,93, DT=2,78) sometidos a punción lumbar o aspirado de médula ósea en el hospital «Virgen de la Arrixaca». La evaluación consistió en la administración de: Escala facial de 5 caras, escala de observación «modified-Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale» (m-YPAS) y medidas fisiológicas de pulso y tensión arterial media. Resultados: En el análisis intersujetos, se obtuvo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en todas las medidas, a excepción de la escala de caras, tras la actuación de los payasos de hospital. Tras la marcha de los payasos de hospital los grupos se igualaron en las puntuaciones. En el análisis intrasujetos se alcanzaron diferencias significativas entre el pretest y el postest para el grupo control en todas las medidas. El análisis del tamaño del efecto indica valores en la escala de caras se obtiene un valor d= 0,22 (magnitud pequeña), y magnitudes altas para el pulso (d=1,02), la tensión arterial media (d= 1,20), y la escala m-YPAS (d=0,99), antes de la administración del procedimiento doloroso. Conclusiones: La presencia de los payasos favorece la disminución del miedo a la aplicación de los procedimientos dolorosos. Este efecto es de corto plazo, pues tras su marcha desaparecen las diferencias entre los grupos

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of the performance of a couple of hospital clowns on the fear response in patients in Oncohematology unit before applying a painful medical procedure (lumbar puncture or bone marrow aspiration). Patients and methods: 30 children aged 3-11 years-old (M = 6.93, SD = 2.78) underwent lumbar puncture or bone marrow aspirate in the «Virgen de la Arrixaca» Hospital. The assessment consisted of the administration of: 5-Facial scale, the observation scale «modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale» (m-YPAS), and physiological measures of pulse and mean blood pressure. Results: In the between-subjects-analysis, statistically significant differences in all measures, except for the scale of faces, after the performance of hospital clowns was obtained. After the hospital clowns left, groups were matched on their scores. In the within-subject analysis, significant differences between pretest and posttest were achieved in all measures for the control group. The effect size analysis indicates values on the Facial scale d = 0.22 (small effect size) and large effect size for pulse (d = 1.02), mean arterial pressure (d = 1.20), and the m-YPAS scale (d=0.99), before application of painful medical procedure. Conclusions: The presence of clowns helps to reduce the fear in the application of painful procedures. However, this effect is short-term, because after hospital clown leaves differences disappear between groups

Valor diagnóstico de la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión de Goldberg (EAD-G) en adultos cubanos / Diagnostic usefulness of Anxiety and Depression Scale Goldberg (EAD-G) in Cuban adults

El estudio tiene como objetivo obtener información para población cubana acerca de la validez predictiva de la EADG para detectar personas con trastornos psicopatológicos, así como para diferenciar ansiedad y depresión. Se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística, integrada por 548 sujetos, de los cuales el 31,2% tenían un trastorno psicopatológico diagnosticado por un psiquiatra o psicólogo. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la metodología de análisis de las curvas ROC. Se encontró que la EADG mostró un valor predictivo adecuado para identificar a personas con trastornos psicopatológicos, con escasa capacidad para distinguir trastornos de ansiedad y depresión. Estos resultados apoyan la estrategia evaluativa recomendada por los autores de aplicar primeramente los ítems de despistaje.

The study has as objective to obtain information for Cuban population about the predictive validity of the EADG for detecting people with psychopathologic dysfunctions, as well as to differentiate anxiety and depression. It worked with a non probabilistic sample, integrated by 548 subjects, of which 31.2% had a psychopathologic disease diagnosed by a psychiatrist or psychologist. For the analysis of the data, the methodology analysis of the curves ROC was used. It was found that the EADG showed an appropriate predictive value to identify people with psychopathologic dysfunctions, and difficulties to distinguish dysfunctions of anxiety and depression. Results support the evaluative strategy recommended by the authors of applying the screening items firstly.

Depresión y factores psicosociales en personas mayores cubanas y españolas / Depression and Psychosocial Factors in Cuban and Spanish Older Adults

Introducción: La depresión en ancianos es un problema de salud, difícil de reconocer, diagnosticar y tratar, requiriéndose estudios transculturales. El Grupo de depresión Cuba-España-Colombia ha trabajado en la adaptación de instrumentos de depresión y factores psicosociales. Objetivos: Identificar diferencias y semejanzas entre ancianos cubanos y españoles en la estructuración de la depresión. Identificar las interacciones entre la nacionalidad y variables de salud y psicológicas (percepción de estrés y apoyo social) y la presencia de síntomas depresivos. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con una muestra intencional de 284 sujetos españoles y cubanos. De ellos, 83 (21,2 por ciento) tenían depresión clínica diagnosticada por un especialista. Se emplearon el Inventario de síntomas depresivos, Escala de apoyo social y una entrevista. Las comparaciones se realizaron a partir de las pruebas Ji cuadrado y t-student. Resultados: Las personas mayores cubanas mostraron una presencia significativamente mayor de síntomas depresivos (p<0.05). Los ancianos no deprimidos de ambos países, refirieron: más redes emocionales, más satisfacción con el apoyo emocional y tangible (este último para ancianos españoles). Los deprimidos de ambos países mostraron una autopercepción de estrés significativamente mayor que aquellos sanos para: salud y economía. Los sujetos de ambos países refirieron: autopercepción de estrés mayor en: ocio y familia (relaciones sociales para españoles). Conclusión: Se destaca el valor de estos hallazgos para nuestros países y su proyección futura(AU)

Introduction: Depression in elderly people is a health problem that is difficult to recognize, diagnose and treat, so cross-cultural studies are needed. Cuba- Spain- Colombia Depression Group has worked on the adaptation of depression instruments and psychosocial factors. Objectives: Identify differences and similarities among Cuban and Spanish elderly people in the structuring of depression. Identify the interactions among nationality, psychological and health variables (stress perception and social support), and the presence of depressive symptoms. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out with an intentional sample of 284 Cuban and Spanish subjects. 83 (21.2 percent) of them had clinic depression which had been diagnosed by specialists. The depressive symptom Inventory, the social support scale and an interview were used. Comparisons were made starting from Square Ji, and t-student tests. Results: Cuban older adults had much more significant depressive symptoms (p<0.05). Non-depressive elderly people from both countries referred more emotional networks, more satisfaction with the tangible emotional support( the last for Spanish elderly people). Depressed people from both countries showed a more significant self-perception of stress than those people who were healthy for: health and economy. Subjects from both countries referred a greater perception of stress in: leisure time and family (social relation for Spaniards). Conclusion: The value of these findings for our countries, and its future projection is highlighted(AU)

Afectividad negativa y positiva en adultos cubanos con sintomatología ansiosa, depresiva y sin trastornos / Negative and positive affect in Cuban adults with anxiety, depression and without symptoms

El Modelo Bifactorial de Afectividad de Watson y Tellengen se ha postulado para la diferenciación de la ansiedad y la depresión en Europa y Norteamérica, pero no se han reportado estudios en población cubana de edad media. El objetivo de esta investigación fue investigar la Afectividad Positiva (AP) y la Afectividad Negativa (AN) en personas sin psicopatología, con sintomatología predominantemente ansiosa, depresiva o mixta. La muestra fue de 219 personas; 19,2% con sintomatología ansiosa, 17,8% depresiva, 23,7% mixta y el resto sin síntomas. Se utilizó el Inventario de Afecto Positivo y Negativo (PANAS) para estudiar la afectividad y la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión de Goldberg (EADG) para diferenciar los subgrupos diagnósticos. Se utilizó el ANOVA de un factor con el Método de la Diferencia Significativa Honesta de Tukey para establecer las diferencias. Se encontró que la AP era menor en los depresivos tal y como predice el Modelo, pero no se cumplió la predicción de que la AP diferenciaría a los ansiosos de las personas sin síntomas, y se encontró que en el grupo con sintomatología mixta había mayor AN y menor AP que en los otros subgrupos patológicos, lo cual alerta sobre la necesidad de evaluar los modelos desarrollados en otras culturas.

Two-Factor Model of Emotion of Watson and Tellengen has been investigated for the differentiation of anxiety and depression in Europe and North America, but no studies have been reported on middle-aged Cuban population. The objective of this research was to investigate the negative (NA) and positive affectivity (PA) in individuals without psychopathology, predominantly anxious, depressive or mixed symptoms. The sample was 219 subjects; 19.2% with symptoms of anxiety, 17.8% has depression, 23.7% mixed anxiety and depression symptoms, and the rest without symptoms. Positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) was used to study emotion; and Anxiety and Depression Scale Goldberg (GADS) to differentiate diagnostic subgroups. The one-way ANOVA was used with the method of Tukey Honest Significant Difference. We found that AP was lower in depressive as predicted by the model, but the prediction that the AP would differentiate anxious people without symptoms was fulfilled, which highlights the need to evaluate the models developed in other cultures.

Repercusión del envejecimiento sobre la conducción: declive y estrategias compensatorias / Impact of ageing on driving: decline and compensatory strategies

Introducción: La conducción de vehículos por personas mayores es una realidad creciente y una de las actividades que ayuda a mantener la sensación de autonomía personal. Sin embargo, la calidad de la conducción puede verse afectada por el envejecimiento. Por ello, el objetivo del presente estudio es comparar la percepción de un grupo de conductores sobre los cambios asociados a la edad y los ajustes utilizados en la conducción en función de la edad. Material y método: Se reclutó una muestra de 312 conductores de 20 a 80 años de edad procedentes de centros de reconocimiento médico para la renovación del carné de conducir, así como de centros de recuperación de puntos. A los participantes se les administró un cuestionario sobre características de la conducción y el cuestionario de adaptación a la conducción. Resultados: Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas tanto en los declives percibidos como en los ajustes compensatorios, observándose que los conductores mayores de 65 años indicaron medias más elevadas que el resto de rangos de edad. El grupo de 70 a 80 años es el que usa estrategias compensatorias: «no conducir si llueve», «evitar adelantar», «no conducir de noche», «conducir solo por determinadas zonas» o «aparcar en línea». Conclusiones: Dado que la edad influye en la conducción de vehículos, los mayores usan estrategias de compensación para aminorar el impacto que el envejecimiento provoca sobre esta habilidad (AU)

Introduction: Driving by the elderly is a growing reality, and an activity that helps to maintain a sense of personal freedom. But the driving quality can be affected by aging. Therefore, the objective of this study is to compare the perception of a group of drivers on the age-related changes and the adjustments made in the driving depending on age. Material and methods: A sample of 312 drivers from 20 to 80 years-old were recruited from medical centers for renewal of driving license, as well as in license points recovery centers. The participants were given a questionnaire on driving characteristics and questionnaire on driving adjustments. Results: There were statistically significant differences in both the perceived decline and in compensatory adjustments, noting that drivers age 65 years and older scored higher means than others. The group from 70 to 80-years-old used compensatory strategies: 'Do not drive if it rains' 'avoid overtaking', 'Do not drive at night,' 'only drive in certain areas' or 'park in a line'. Conclusions: Since age influences driving, the greater use compensatory strategies lessens the impact that aging has on this skill (AU)

[Impact of ageing on driving: decline and compensatory strategies]. / Repercusión del envejecimiento sobre la conducción: declive y estrategias compensatorias.

INTRODUCTION: Driving by the elderly is a growing reality, and an activity that helps to maintain a sense of personal freedom. But the driving quality can be affected by aging. Therefore, the objective of this study is to compare the perception of a group of drivers on the age-related changes and the adjustments made in the driving depending on age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A sample of 312 drivers from 20 to 80 years-old were recruited from medical centers for renewal of driving license, as well as in license points recovery centers. The participants were given a questionnaire on driving characteristics and questionnaire on driving adjustments. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in both the perceived decline and in compensatory adjustments, noting that drivers age 65 years and older scored higher means than others. The group from 70 to 80-years-old used compensatory strategies: "Do not drive if it rains" "avoid overtaking", "Do not drive at night," "only drive in certain areas" or "park in a line". CONCLUSIONS: Since age influences driving, the greater use compensatory strategies lessens the impact that aging has on this skill.

La edad y el género como mediadores de la relación entre apoyo emocional y depresión: un estudio transcultural / Age and Sex as Mediators in the Relation between Emotional Support and Depression: a Transcultural Study

Introducción: La relación entre apoyo social y depresión ha sido investigada desde distintas miradas: en situaciones de estrés, con variables de la personalidad, en enfermedades, sus funciones, y en relación con la edad, el género o la cultura. Sin embargo, son muy pocos los estudios que abordan conjuntamente las implicaciones conjuntas del género, la edad y la cultura respecto al apoyo social en personas deprimidas. Objetivo: Evaluar las implicaciones recíprocas de la edad, el género y la nacionalidad sobre la relación entre apoyo emocional percibido y depresión. Métodos: Se trabajó con una muestra intencional de 1503 participantes de tres países: España, Cuba y México la cual se subdividió en tres grupos de edad: jóvenes adultos, adultos y personas de edad avanzada. Para la evaluación de la depresión, se utilizó la escala CES-D, mientras que para la evaluación del apoyo emocional percibido, se elaboró un modelo de entrevista específico. Se aplicó análisis de varianza multifactoriales a fin de cumplimentar los objetivos. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos no solo muestran claramente la influencia de las variables estudiadas, sino también las interacciones especialmente relevantes entre estas variables respecto a los valores de depresión. Conclusiones: Es necesario considerar las diferencias culturales y su interacción entre la edad y el género, para entender la relación entre apoyo emocional y la depresión en la muestra investigada(AU)

Introduction: The relationship between social support and depression has been investigated since different point of views, such as on stress situations, with personality variables, in diseases, its functions and also in relation to age, sex and culture. But, there are few studies that take into consideration the group implications of sex, age and the culture related to the social support to depressed persons.Objective: To assess the mutual implications of age, sex and nationality about the relation between perceived emotional support and depression.Methods: It was taken an intentional sample of 1503 participants from three countries: Spain, Cuba and Mexico and this sample was divided into three age groups: young adults, adults and elders. For the asses off depression was used the CES-D scale and for the perceived emotional support was created a specific interview. Variable multifactors were applied with the aim to achieve the objectives. Results: The obtained results not only showed the influence of the studied variables, but also the interactions specifically relevant among those variables regarded to the values of depression. Conclusion: It is necessary to consider the cultural differences and its interaction between age and sex to understand the relation between emotional support and depression in the investigated sample(AU)

Identification of degrees of anxiety in children with three- and five-face facial scales / Identificación de grados de ansiedad en niños con escalas faciales de tres y cinco caras

Background: Facial scales are used in the assessment of emotional states. The scales present different numbers of faces to measure the varying levels f intensity of children’s emotional responses. This paper seeks to analyze the whether the subjects are able to match the appropriate descriptors of a degree of anxiety with the corresponding facial image. Method: A sample of 463 children aged 6 to 12 years was taken from the Autonomous Communities of Murcia and the Balearics. Results: Significant differences were obtained among the six-year-olds, M = 2.58 (SD = 0. 85), in the three face scale and M = 2.98 (SD = 1.52) in the five-face scale. From 7 years on, there were no significant differences in the number of correct responses between the two scales. In general, girls scored higher than boys on both the three-face scale (M = 2.89, SD = 0.50 vs. M = 2.75, SD = 0.70) and the five face scale (M = 4.08, SD = 1.41 vs. M = 3.76, SD = 1.56). Conclusion: The three-face scale is more appropriate for the correct matching of descriptors to different degrees of anxiety for children aged 6 to 12 years, whereas the five-face scale is more suited to children over 6 years (AU)

Antecedentes: las escalas faciales son utilizadas para la evaluación de los estados emocionales. Estas escalas presentan un número diferente de caras para medir diferentes niveles de intensidad de la respuesta emocional infantil. El propósito del presente estudio es conocer si los participantes son capaces de hacer coincidir los descriptores vinculados al grado de ansiedad con su correspondiente imagen facial. Método: se reclutó una muestra de 463 niños y niñas de 6 a 12 años de edad procedentes de las comunidades de Murcia e Islas Baleares. Resultados: se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en los participantes de seis años con M= 2.58 (DT= .85) en la escala de tres caras y M= 2.98 (DT= 1.52) en la escala de cinco caras. A partir de los siete años no hay diferencias significativas en los aciertos si utilizan la escala de tres o la de cinco caras.En general, las niñas tienen un mayor acierto que los niños en la escala de tres caras (M= 2.89, DT= .50 y M= 2.75, DT= .70) y en la de cinco (M= 4.08, DT= 1.41 y M= .76, DT= 1.56). Conclusiones: la escala de tres caras es más apropiada para discriminar correctamente descriptores vinculados a diferentes grados de ansiedad por niños de 6 a 12 años, mientras que la escala de cinco caras para niños mayores de seis años (AU)

Identification of degrees of anxiety in children with three- and five-face facial scales.

BACKGROUND: Facial scales are used in the assessment of emotional states. The scales present different numbers of faces to measure the varying levels of intensity of children's emotional responses. This paper seeks to analyze the whether the subjects are able to match the appropriate descriptors of a degree of anxiety with the corresponding facial image. METHOD: A sample of 463 children aged 6 to 12 years was taken from the Autonomous Communities of Murcia and the Balearics. RESULTS: Significant differences were obtained among the six-year-olds, M = 2.58 ( SD = 0. 85), in the three-face scale and M = 2.98 ( SD = 1.52) in the five-face scale. From 7 years on, there were no significant differences in the number of correct responses between the two scales. In general, girls scored higher than boys on both the three-face scale ( M = 2.89, SD = 0.50 vs. M = 2.75, SD = 0.70) and the five-face scale ( M = 4.08, SD = 1.41 vs. M = 3.76, SD = 1.56). CONCLUSION: The three-face scale is more appropriate for the correct matching of descriptors to different degrees of anxiety for children aged 6 to 12 years, whereas the five-face scale is more suited to children over 6 years.

Síntomas físicos y depresión en una muestra de adultos mayores cubanos / Physical symptoms and depression in a sample of Cuban elderly

Introducción: la depresión es un serio problema de salud, que en el adulto mayor puede ser atípica y acompañarse de enfermedades o quejas de síntomas físicos, por lo que es difícil de reconocer, diagnosticar y tratar. Objetivo: evaluar si existen diferencias en el reporte de síntomas físicos entre ancianos con y sin depresión. Métodos: estudio descriptivo en una muestra intencional de 120 ancianos cubanos (65 años y más), de los cuales el 57,5 por ciento había tenido un trastorno depresivo diagnosticado clínicamente y el resto no tenía depresión. Se aplicó el Inventario de Síntomas Depresivos y el CES-D, así como una entrevista. Para investigar las diferencias entre deprimidos y no deprimidos con respecto a las puntuaciones de los ítems que valoran los síntomas físicos, se utilizó el análisis univariado de la varianza.Resultados: no hubo diferencias significativas en los promedios obtenidos en los diferentes ítems entre deprimidos y no deprimidos. Más de la cuarta parte de las personas respondieron que en las últimas dos semanas habían tenido síntomas físicos. Los síntomas que se reportaron con mayor frecuencia por deprimidos y no deprimidos fueron: disminución del apetito, problemas con el sueño, fatiga y haber sentido más molestias y dolores que lo habitual. Conclusiones: la presente investigación destaca la necesidad de seguir revisando el valor que pueden tener las quejas de síntomas físicos en el diagnóstico de la depresión en el adulto mayor(AU)

Introduction: the depression is a serious health problem that can be atypical on the elder patient. This disease can go along with illnesses or complaints of physical symptoms being difficult to recognize, diagnose and treat Objective: to assess if there are differences in the report of physical symptoms among older people with and without depressionMethods: descriptive study, on an intentional sample of 120 Cuban old men (65 years and more), of which 57.5 percent have had a depressive dysfunction clinically diagnosed and a rest that have not suffered from depression. The Inventory of Depressive Symptoms for Riquelme et al., the CES-D test and a structured interview were applied. The Anova test was used to investigate the differences between the depressed patients and those who were not depressed based on the value of the items of physical symptoms. Results: there were no significant differences in the averages obtained at the different items among depressed and non- depressed patients. More than 25 percent of the people answered that through the last two weeks they have had physical symptoms. The symptoms more frequently reported by depressed and non- depressed patients were a decrease of appetite, sleep disorders , tiredness and they have felt more irritation and have had more pains than usual. Conclusions: the present research highlights the necessity to keep on the review of the importance of the physical symptoms complaints can have on the diagnosis of the depression on the older people(AU)